Theological Harm

When religious teachings negatively impact how

someone sees themselves and the world around them.

Theological harm occurs when religious teachings cause psychological distress, fear, shame, or a loss of trust in oneself. Rather than offering comfort or meaning, certain belief systems can create chronic anxiety, internalized self-blame, and a sense of danger—both within oneself and in the world.

For many people, this harm is subtle and cumulative. It may show up as persistent feelings of being “not good enough,” fear of punishment or hell, difficulty trusting one’s own thoughts, or distress that lingers long after leaving a religious community. These effects are not a personal failure—they are predictable responses to high-control, fear-based, or shame-based ideologies.

Theological harm can occur across many religions and belief systems. It is not defined by which religion someone belonged to, but by how beliefs were taught, enforced, and internalized. When doctrine becomes rigid, absolute, or tied to threats of punishment or exclusion, it can deeply impact a person’s nervous system, identity, and sense of safety.

Theological harm centers around two core themes: shame-based and fear-based ideologies.

SHAME-BASED IDEOLOGY

“You are not good.”

These teachings heavily reinforce the idea that a person’s core nature is bad, sinful, untrustworthy, broken, evil, etc. Shame-based religious teachings tear down critical internal resources like self trust and self esteem.

Purity culture its an example of this type of ideology because it targets many healthy expressions of human sexuality with shame.

FEAR-BASED IDEOLOGY

“You are not safe.”

Fear based ideology degrades a person’s sense of personal safety. Teachings centered on hell, divine punishments, demonic attacks, or a violent ending of the world are examples of fear-based ideologies.

Labelling non religious members as dangerous or evil “outsiders” is a fear based teaching that isolates religious members from access to external information, resources, and social supports.

Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism is an extreme approach to religion in devotion and practice that reinforces shame-based and fear-based ideologies.

Fundamentalism is not a single religion, but an approach to religion that appears across many belief systems worldwide. There are fundamentalist forms of Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Mormonism, and other religious traditions. While the specific teachings may differ, the underlying approach is are often similar.

Common most fundamentalist groups there is usually:

  • Adherence to a literal interpretation of a sacred text

  • Exclusive truth claims about the world and why we are here

  • Rigid behavioral expectations

  • High control group dynamics

  • Sharp boundaries between insiders and outsiders

  • Black and white thinking

Prevalence 

Sociologists have noted that fundamentalism increases during times of rapid change, and social unease. The rigidity and the power structure of fundamentalism can be a response to society's feeling out of control or chaotic when change feels destabilizing.

 Costs

Rigid hierarchical structures in fundamentalism leads to oppression of women and minorities. Abuses of power, sexual abuse, violence, and extreme rhetoric are also common. Fundamentalist ideology shuts down critical thinking and individual autonomy which are important resources for individual safety.